Noun, Pronoum, Verb
A.
Nouns
There are various types of
nouns. Some nouns may fall under more than one type. This unit takes up the
following types of nouns:
1.
Countable Nouns
2.
Uncountable Nouns
1.
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns can take the
singular or plural form.
Singular
|
Plural
|
A cat
|
Cats
|
A man
|
Men
|
A tooth
|
Teeth
|
An egg
|
Eggs
|
An elephant
|
Elephants
|
An axe
|
Axes
|
Examples:
There is a man outside the
building
There are two men outside
the building
An elephant has a trunk
Elephants have trunks
a.
Singular Nouns
When a noun refers to one
person or thing, it is singular.
Examples : Ineed to buy a
book.
STRATEGIES
1.
Do NOT end singular nouns with –s/-es
2.
Use singular nouns after the words below.
a/an, one, this, that, a single, another, each, every
3.
Singular countable nouns usually need articles. Use the with
singular countable nouns when referring to things in general or to specific
things; use a/an with singular countable nouns when referring to general or
nonspesific things.
b.
Plural Nouns
When a noun refers to more
than one person or thing, it is plural. The plural form of most nouns is made
by adding –s/es to the singular form; however, there are some exceptions.
Examples: Five lectures from
this university will attend the international conference in San Francisco next
week.
STRATEGIES
1.
Do NOT use a/an with plural nouns
2.
Use plural after the words below:
all, some, some (of the), a few (of), many (of), a lot of, lots of, various,
these, those, every one of, each one of, each of, one of, one of, both, other,
dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of, a number of, the number of, a couple of,
several (of the)
3.
When words such as hundred, thousand, or million follow a
number, do NOT put them in plural form
4.
Be careful of irregular plural nouns
2.
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountablenouns are nouns
that have only one form and take a singular verb.
STRATEGIES
1.
Do NOT us uncountable nouns after the words/ phrases below
a/an, another, one, a sigle, each, every, these, thpse, a few (of), many (of),
every one of, each one of, each (of), one of, both, dozens of, hundreds of,
thousands of, a number of, the number of, a couple of, saveral (of the).
2.
Use uncountable nouns with the words below
much, little, a little, an amount of, all, some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
3.
Do NOT put uncountable nouns into plural form
Verb forms may be classified
as follows:
Base form: strat, think,
draw, write, run, let.
Infinitive: to strat, to
think, to draw, to write, to draw, to write, to run, to let.
Gerund: strating, thinking,
drawing, writing, running, letting
Past participle: started,
thougt, drawn, written, run, let
Simple past form: started,
thought, drew, wrote, ran, let
Example:
The policie artist will draw the
criminal’s face.
He set aside his salary to
start his own business.
Strategies:
1. Use
the base form after modals such as will, can, or may.
2. Use
the infinitive form to show purpose.
3. Use
the infinitive form after adjectives.
4. Use
the gerund form after prepositions
5. Use
the past participle after the forms of be ( be, being, am, is, are, was, were,
been) to express passive meaning, and after the forms of have (have, has, had)
to express active meaning.
6. The
simple past form is used with particular time makers.
Relative pronouns and adverb
Generally (but not always)
pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual
or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is
made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who
claim something like
They say that eating beef is
bad for you.
They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are
they? Cows? whom do theyrepresent? Sloppy use of pronouns is
unfair.
Not all pronouns will refer
to an antecedent, however.
Everyone here earns over a
thousand dollars a day.
The word
"everyone" has no antecedent.
The problem of agreement
between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is
treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent
Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end
of that section.
Relative pronouns are all
used in adjective/ relative clauses.
· Who or that is used as a subject referring to a person.
· Whom is used as an object referring to a person.
· Which or that is used as a subject or an object referring to a thing.
· Whose is used to replace a possesive adjective.
Relative pronouns and adverb
Generally (but not always)
pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual
or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is
made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who
claim something like
They say that eating beef is
bad for you.
They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are
they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of pronouns is
unfair.
Not all pronouns will refer
to an antecedent, however.
Everyone here earns over a
thousand dollars a day.
The word
"everyone" has no antecedent.
The problem of agreement
between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is
treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent
Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end
of that section.
Relative pronouns are all
used in adjective/ relative clauses.
· Who or that is used as a subject referring to a person.
· Whom is used as an object referring to a person.
· Which or that is used as a subject or an object referring to a thing.
· Whose is used to replace a possesive adjective.
Verb forms may be classified
as follows:
Base form: strat, think,
draw, write, run, let.
Infinitive: to strat, to
think, to draw, to write, to draw, to write, to run, to let.
Gerund: strating, thinking,
drawing, writing, running, letting
Past participle: started,
thougt, drawn, written, run, let
Simple past form: started,
thought, drew, wrote, ran, let
Example:
The policie artist will draw the
criminal’s face.
He set aside his salary to
start his own business.
Strategies:
1. Use the base form after modals such as will, can, or
may.
2. Use the infinitive form to show purpose.
3. Use the infinitive form after adjectives.
4. Use the gerund form after prepositions
5. Use the past participle after the forms of be ( be,
being, am, is, are, was, were, been) to express passive meaning, and after the
forms of have (have, has, had) to express active meaning.
6. The simple past form is used with particular time
makers.